Can you document the fact that he was a Jewish anarchist?
From: evola_as_he_is <evola_as_he_is@...>
To: evola_as_he_is@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Sunday, May 20, 2007 6:12:15 PM
Subject: [evola_as_he_is] War/Terrorism
Leon Trotsky was a Russian revolutionary, Winston Churchill was an
English chauvinist, Léon Blum was a French socialist, Emmanuel Levinas
was a Lithuanian philosopher, György Sándor Ligeti was an Hungarian
composer, Paul of Burgos was a Spanish archbishop, and so on. As is
well-known.
--- In evola_as_he_ is@yahoogroups. com, caleb afendopoulo
<afendopoulo@ ...> wrote:
>
> (as is well-known, the
> killing of Archduke Ferdinand by a Jewish
> anarchist in Sarajevo set
> off WW1)
>
> THAT IS A LIE. He was a Serbian nationalist
>
> ----- Original Message ----
> From: evola_as_he_ is <evola_as_he_ is@...>
> To: evola_as_he_ is@yahoogroups. com
> Sent: Sunday, May 20, 2007 12:07:04 AM
> Subject: [evola_as_he_ is] War/Terrorism
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> In ancient Greece, Xenophon wrote of the psychological effectiveness
>
> of the use of terror in the war against enemy populations. Tiberius
>
> and Caligula used expropriation and execution as methods to protect
>
> their regimes. Precedents for political crimes are found in the Old
>
> Testament, in the stories of Judith and Holofernes, of Jahel and
>
> Sisara. In Rome, and later in Byzantium, the assassination of
>
> individuals in power was common-spread. However, the assassination of
>
> individuals on political grounds, even if it has existed throughout
>
> history, differs much from what is called nowadays 'terrorism'.
>
>
>
> Terror was widely used in warfare and conflict in the Middles Ages and
>
> in Renaissance, but the causes which may inspire terrorism, whether of
>
> the religious, ethnic or political order, led to open warfare
>
>
>
> 'Terrorism' comes from the French word 'terrorisme' , which was added
>
> to the French dictionary in 1798. It was coined on 'la Terreur', the
>
> Reign of Terror of the revolutionary government in France from
>
> September 1793 to July 1794. The agents of the Committee of Public
>
> Safety and the members of the Convention who enforced the policies of
>
> 'The Terror' were referred to as 'Terrorists' . A leader in the French
>
> revolution, Robespierre, proclaimed in 1794 : "Terror is nothing other
>
> than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation
>
> of virtue; it is not so much a special principle as it is a
>
> consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our
>
> country's most urgent needs". By the end of the eighteen century, the
>
> term was applied generally to any entity that sought to achieve
>
> political goals through violence and intimidation. The Parisian mob
>
> played a critical role at key points before, during, and after the
>
> Revolution. The killing of prominent officials and aristocrats in
>
> gruesome spectacles started long before the guillotine was first used.
>
> The French Revolution provided an example to future states in
>
> oppressing their own populations.
>
>
>
> In the late nineteenth century, radical political theories and
>
> improvements in weapons technology spurred the formation of cliques of
>
> revolutionaries and anarchists who actually attacked nation states, in
>
> Western Europe, in Russia and in the United States of America,
>
> believing that the most effective means for social and political
>
> change was to assassinate the individuals in power ; from 1870 to
>
> 1910, anarchist bombs and bullets killed several kings, presidents,
>
> prime ministers, and government officials (as is well-known, the
>
> killing of Archduke Ferdinand by a Jewish anarchist in Sarajevo set
>
> off WW1) ; the terrorist group from this period which serves as a
>
> model in many ways for what was to come was the Russian Narodnya
>
> Volya, in which we see for the first time many of the traits of a type
>
> of terrorism which can be called 'individual terrorism' : clandestine,
>
> cellular organisation, the use of selective terror against an
>
> influential individual in order to bring down a government, and
>
> propaganda by deeds : a bomb is set off to get attention, the act will
>
> prompt questions of 'why?'. Terrorism was now a tool of
>
> 'communication' . Unsurprisingly, the terrorist tactics of French
>
> revolutionaries were adopted by the Cheka, the Soviet secret police
>
> founded by Lenin in 1918, to secure the Bolshevik grip on power. Lenin
>
> took the principles of Robespierre and expanded the concept of
>
> government-sponsore d terrorism. The use of terror was applied in a
>
> systematic manner to the entire society. Terror was used as a tool to
>
> build a society. Terrorism was aimed at controlling and organising a
>
> society, as was theorised by Trotsky in 'Terrorism and
>
> Communism'(1920) . Thus, state terrorism, a method of government which
>
> was applied, to maintain power and to control an entire population,. by
>
> representatives of the forces of subversion as soon as they came into
>
> office, was soon mirrored by terrorism against the state, in the
>
> countries where they were still not in office, as a means of
>
> destabilising and overthrowing the existing order. They came full
circle.
>
>
>
> The resistance of the Irish against English rule (1919-1921)
>
> introduced to terrorism the goal of independence and the use of
>
> selective terrorism, that is to say, the use of terror (bombings,
>
> assassinations) on governmental representatives of an occupying
>
> government, with the view of making occupation too costly. The IRA
>
> improved, perfected and systematised the basic cellular organisation
>
> of Narodnya Volya : each cell had a specific goal and was not in
>
> contact with other cells..Each cell was independent, which prevented
>
> the whole terrorist movement from disruption if one cell was
>
> discovered and broken up.
>
>
>
> A third stage in the development of terrorism began during WW2. It
>
> became part of the context of warfare, outside which it had remained
>
> until then. As is rightly pointed out on www.wikipedia. com, some of
>
> the most successful terrorist groups were the vast array of guerilla,
>
> partisan, and resistance movements that were organised and supplied by
>
> the Allies during World War II. The British Special Operations
>
> Executive (SOE) conducted operations in every theatre of the war and
>
> provided an invaluable contribution to allied victory ; the SOE
>
> effectively invented modern terrorism, pioneering most of the tactics,
>
> techniques and technologies that are the mainstays of modern
>
> terrorism. While they were considered as terrorists by the Axis, these
>
> 'resistants' , self-proclaimed 'freedom fighters' with the full
>
> approval of the Allies, were rebaptised 'terrorists' by the ex-Allies,
>
> when, after WW2, they became nationalists and used the same terrorist
>
> tactics in the 'liberation wars' they fought against colonial powers.
>
> Selective terror changed from the use of terror against government
>
> officers of a colonial power to the use of terror against civilians
>
> working and living in the colony. In Kenya, terror involved the
>
> killing of sympathisers of the British and British families ; in
>
> Algeria, of sympathisers of the French and French families. Women and
>
> children were potential targets for terror. As a response to the
>
> rejection of terrorism by Gandhi, The Hindustan Socialist Republican
>
> Association (HSRA) stated in 1929, along Trotskyst lines : "Terrorism
>
> is a phase towards revolution. Terrorism is not the complete
>
> revolution and the revolution is not complete without terrorism.
>
> Terrorism is the product of a nation's 'hunger for freedom'. Use of
>
> terrorism to gain freedom is justified. Terrorism is not the goal of
>
> freedom but a tool to achieve freedom and liberation."
>
>
>
> The late 1960's, A. H. Garrison, Criminal Justice Planning Coordinator
>
> Delaware Criminal Justice Council, whose study on the history and the
>
> nature of terrorism we have used cum grano salis, points out, brought
>
> terrorism to the international stage. "In 1966 Cuba hosted the
>
> Tri-Continental Conference which was sponsored by the Soviet Union.
>
> This conference marks the beginning of the internationalizatio n of
>
> terrorism. The results of this conference : Cuba became an early
>
> training camp for European and Third World terrorist organizations
>
> around the world. Various terrorist groups began to cooperate with
>
> each other. Terrorism became a worldwide movement rather than isolated
>
> events with isolated goals. Financial and political support for
>
> terrorist groups began to happen". Throughout the so-called 'Cold
>
> War', both sides made extensive use of terrorist organisations to
>
> carry on a war by proxy, exporting terrorism to other parts of the
>
> world for their own political (or/and economical) ends. Iran supported
>
> Hezbollah, it's no secret that many of the Islamic terrorists of today
>
> were trained by the CIA and by the ISI to fight the USSR in
>
> Afghanistan. Similar groups such as the Viet Cong received training
>
> from Soviet military advisors.
>
>
>
> Conversely, "members of terrorist groups do not consider themselves to
>
> be citizens of any particular country, but instead seek common
>
> political, social, or personal objectives that transcend nation -
>
> state boundaries" (Kushner, 1998). Interestingly enough, "members of
>
> terrorist groups" and "members of the high finance and political
>
> schemers" are interchangeable in this sentence. Just as high finance
>
> and ghost governments become transnational and multinational, so do
>
> terrorism. This point cannot be too strongly emphasised.
>
>
>
> The nature of targets has changed accordingly. "Before the twentieth
>
> century, terrorists attacked political and religious leaders to cause
>
> fear and compel behavior change. Old school terrorism was direct in
>
> its targeting. There was a recognition of innocents and the
>
> distinction between legitimate and illegitimate targets. After the
>
> twentieth century, with the advent of elected bureaucratic
>
> governments, terrorists found that the death of a single individual
>
> did not change policy. New school terrorism is indirect in its
>
> targeting". Not only it is indirect, but also it tends to strike
>
> indiscriminately. Illegitimate targets are attacked, high collateral
>
> damage, mass casualties, are the objective, as much to arouse public
>
> anxiety as to create political pressure or instability in the
>
> government. Besides gaining attention, terrorism is now about mass
>
> destruction for its own sake. September 11, 2001 (regardless of what
>
> is really behind it) has led to some of its ultimate consequences
>
> terrorist thought. Certainly, the U.S. was to be destroyed, Islam
>
> demanded the destruction of the infidel, etc., but no credit was taken
>
> for the attack, no specific reason was given for it.
>
>
>
> Whether Terrorism is defined as being "a type of Asymmetric
>
> Warfare.Asymmetric warfare is the use of violence or force by an
>
> inferior military against a superior military to gain advantage over
>
> the superior military force" (Allen, 1997), as "the unlawful act of
>
> force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or
>
> intimidate governments or societies to achieve political, religious or
>
> ideological objectives.( U.S. State Department), or as "the systematic
>
> threat or use of violence, whether for or in opposition to,
>
> established authority, with the intention of communicating a political
>
> message to a group larger than the victim group by generating fear and
>
> so altering the behavior of the larger group. Either the victim or the
>
> perpetrator, or both, will be operating outside a military context
>
> (Claridge, 1998), its key component is "the creation of fear" among
>
> civilians, among the whole society, outside a military context. In the
>
> end, Lenin's definition of terrorism may indeed be the most accurate :
>
> "The purpose of terrorism is to terrorise". The goal, regardless of
>
> the reason, is to inflict fear : "Kill one person, frighten ten
>
> thousand", Sun Tzu said, whose 'Art of War' goes well beyond a
>
> traditional treatise on polemology, since it states principles in the
>
> business world, as well as in that of politics, of social life and -
>
> last but not least - of management in general ; it is not quoted in
>
> any of the texts of 'Metaphysics of War'.
>
>
>
> Religious-based terrorism dates back the late 1970's. "(...) the rise
>
> of the Ayatollah Khomeini brought a religious justification for
>
> terrorism. The Expansion of Islam in the Middle East and the world and
>
> the protection of Islam against Jews, Christians and the West is an
>
> independent (from the Israeli/Arab conflict) justification for the use
>
> of terror. The tool of this religious terrorism" is "the advent of the
>
> suicide bomber". Once again, terrorism came full circle. For, leaving
>
> aside the Sicarians, which were one of the Jewish groups which fought
>
> the Roman occupation of Palestine and demanded an independent Jewish
>
> state, a goal which they sought to achieve by murdering other Jews,
>
> killing Roman soldiers and destroying Roman property, and whom Flavius
>
> Josephus held responsible for the destruction of the Second Temple and
>
> the loss of the Jewish state in the year 70 AD, it is generally
>
> admitted that the Hashashins are the earliest example of groups
>
> engaged in systematic terrorism. The infamous Hashashins fought Sunni
>
> Muslims and, later, resisted occupation during the Crusades. They were
>
> known to use murder, including of women and of children, as a
>
> ritualistic tactic of terror. They were promised paradise and seventy
>
> virgins therein, if killed 'in the line of duty'. Here, terrorism
>
> against the enemy is a religious act. The Muslim idea of suicidal
>
> martyrdom, of dying in the service of God - outside a military
>
> context-, originates from the Hashashins.
>
>
>
> "We can see the roots (...) of today's 'suicide bombers' in their
>
> teachings [the assassins'], J. Morgan, the preface writer of
>
> 'Metaphysics of War', notes rightly. "(...) in 'Varieties of Heroism'
>
> [the 12Th essay of 'Metaphysics of war'], one can easily see, in the
>
> phenomenon of today's Muslim 'suicide bombers', a supra-personal
>
> heroism of a type identical to that of the Japanese kamikaze pilots
>
> that Evola describes therein".
>
>
>
> We don't.
>
>
>
> We don't, and the considerations we have just developed explain why we
>
> don't.
>
>
>
> No reference to terrorism is made in any of the sixteen texts gathered
>
> in 'Metaphysics of War', nor, to the best of our knowledge, in any of
>
> his other writings. Evola dealt with UFOs, with Jazz, never with
>
> terrorism. Had he felt like it, he would have been spoiled for choice
>
> : various groups, whether left-wing (Red Brigades) or right-wing ones
>
> (Ordine Nuovo), began a reign of terrorism in Italy in the late 1960's.
>
>
>
> In 'The Forms of Warlike Heroism', the traditional doctrine of the
>
> hierarchical quadripartite division of society in slaves, the
>
> bourgeois-middle class, the warrior aristocracy, and bearers of
>
> spiritual authority, and the related passage of power from one caste
>
> to the other, is applied to war : "While, in the cycle of the first
>
> caste, war was justified by spiritual motives, and showed clearly its
>
> value as a path to supernatural accomplishment and the attainment of
>
> immortality by the hero (this being the motive of the 'holy war'), in
>
> the cycle of the warrior aristocracies they fought for the honour and
>
> power of some particular prince, to whom they showed a loyalty which
>
> was willingly associated with the pleasure of war for war sake's. With
>
> the passage of power into the hands of the bourgeoisie, there was a
>
> deep transformation ; at this point, the concept of the nation
>
> materialises and democratises itself, and an anti-aristocratic and
>
> naturalistic conception of the homeland is formed, so that the warrior
>
> is replaced by the soldier-citizen, who fights simply for the defense
>
> or the conquest of land ; wars, however, generally remain slyly driven
>
> by supremacist motives or tendencies originating within the economic
>
> and industrial order. Finally, the last stage, in which leadership
>
> passes into the hands of the slaves, has already been able to realise
>
> - in Bolshevism - another meaning of war, which finds expression in
>
> the following, characteristic words of Lenin : "The war between
>
> nations is a childish game, preoccupied by the survival of a
>
> middle-class which does not concern us. True war, our war, is the
>
> world revolution for the destruction of the bourgeoisie and the
>
> triumph of the proletariat" .
>
>
>
> Given all this, it is obvious that the term 'hero' is a common
>
> denominator which embraces very different types and meanings. The
>
> readiness to die, to sacrifice one's own life, may be the sole
>
> prerequisite, from the technical and collectivist point of view, but
>
> also from the point of view of what today, rather brutally, has come
>
> to be referred to as 'cannon fodder'."
>
>
>
> In 'Avvento del "Quinto Stato"' ('Fenomenologia della sovversione' ),
>
> Evola wonders whether this involutive process stops at the 'fourth
>
> estate' ; whether there may be current symptoms of the emergence of a
>
> 'fifth estate', on the basis of a book published during the interwar
>
> years by H. Berl, called, precisely, 'Die Heraufkunft des fünften
>
> Standes', in which American gangsterism and some 'demonic' aspects of
>
> Bolshevism are considered as symptoms of the emergence of that 'fifth
>
> estate'. According to Evola, there does not seem to be any counterpart
>
> of that 'fifth estate' in traditional hierarchy ; "it can only be
>
> connected with a sort of substratum, with the shapeless, wild, and
>
> almost sub-human element which was checked in traditional orders, in
>
> which it was found in the latent state". In 'The Revolt against
>
> Civilisation' , which is meant to be an interpretation of modern
>
> democratic revolutionary movements from a racial standpoint, and which
>
> is mentioned in a footnote of 'Sintesi di dottrina della razza',
>
> Lothrop Stoddard' shows that the biological substratum of their
>
> representatives is a 'sub-humanity' . On that basis, it is not
>
> unfounded to compare the leaders of the 'fifth estate' with the
>
> Pariahs in Vedic society and with those who, in ancient Rome, had
>
> "neither hearth nor home".
>
>
>
> It is precisely in the binary and chaotic mind of the most recent
>
> incarnations of this 'sub-humanity' that the assumption that war and
>
> heroism are one and the same thing has formed. "The idea of terrorism
>
> as warfare began to gain political currency in the 1980s, most
>
> famously by then-Secretary of State George Shultz's statement to the
>
> New York Times in 1984. At roughly the same time, academic treatments
>
> of terrorism began to blur the lines between terror acts and other
>
> forms of revolutionary violence. Bard O'Neill (1990) defined terrorism
>
> as a "form of warfare in which violence is directed primarily against
>
> noncombatants (usually unarmed civilians), rather than operational
>
> military and police forces or economic assets (public or private)." A
>
> 1991 military analysis likewise stated that terrorism "is a form of
>
> warfare and needs to be recognized as such"."
>
>
>
> The equation of terrorism with warfare has become almost a commonplace
>
> in political and academic circles since September 11, 2001".
>
>
>
> Terrorism may be considered as one of the main symptoms of the 'fifth
>
> estate'.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
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