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- As for the racial substracte of the knights, G. Duby mentions three important points:1) Although not all the vassals were milites, there is a time when in the charters vassus and fidelis were substitued to miles. This matter is quite intricated and there are several opinions.2) In the eleventh century, only those with a large wealth were able to enter the milicia because the purchase of the equipment required a lot of money, which was rare at the time. Actually, anyone with sufficient funds and a training could join a military expedition. That made him a knight. M. Bloch asked how many of the milites of the twelth century were descended from adventurers and wealthy, bourgeois farmers.3) By the end of that century, one could be a knight without actually conducting any warlike activity, although chivalry had become strictly hereditary. That may partly explains why the futile activities described in Huizinga's book.
- A few paragraphs of 'A Jewel of the Papacy', whose file was kindly uploaded by RoueSolaire, deal with this problem, and the same conclusion, drawn from the works of other authors than Duby, is arrived at.
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