- A first part of a selection of quotes from A. Dugin's writings that shows rather well that the writing itself is a form of ideological deception.
But Gnostics did not disappear. They transferred the dispute to the level of things, understandable to modern average people. One of them proclaimed the slogans of "social justice", developed the class struggle theories, communism. "The Mystery of Sofia" became "class consciousness", "struggle against the malicious Demiurge, creator of the damned world" gained the character of social battles. The threads of ancient knowledge lead to Marx, Nechaev, Lenin, Stalin, Mao, Che Guevara....The Wine of socialist revolution, pleasure of revolt against forces of fate, sacred berserk passion to total destruction of all that is black for the sake of finding new, unearthly Light...[…]
That’s true that communists had no particular interest in workers, and Hitler — in Germans. But by no means due to their cynicism. Both were overwhelmed by a deeper, more ancient, more absolute aspiration — common Gnostic spirit, secret and terrible light of the Left Hand Path. No workers, no "Aryans"... That’s a horse of a different color.
***
What comes to the myth of "the solidarity of the white race", it is a complete utopia that leads not only to the Holocaust of the Jews, but also to a genocide of the Slavs.
[…]
...I am completely against the anti-semitic racist ideals.
[…]
"Conspirology" (on conspiracies and secret associations; this was the book whose cover with masonic swastika appeared on the pre-election clips of the "Our Home - Russia" organization)
[…]
Quite frankly, the idiotically simplified way of giving people stupid names and throwing primitive and absolutely unproven accusations at people is a vice of the Nationalist movement, and the stupid manner of one's messed-up thoughts is always enough to paint someone completely black. Sometimes, when I have to face this sick paranoia, I just cannot believe it... Some imaginary "masons", the "Jews" behind every single thing, paranoia, mania of being constantly followed - these are all either ways to overcome one's own incapability of action, some laziness and incompetence, either a banal psychological model. The reality as it is is much more interesting than some archaic myths of old terrorist organizations.
[…]
There was also a period that I find interesting within the German National-Socialism: The early National-Socialism, which was still clearly Socialist, Avant-garde, full of ariosophic mysticism and deeply into philosophic problematics that were developed by Conservative Revolutionaries...
http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/Gnostics.htm
It was just the “right Marxism“ that triumphed in Russia, which obtained the name of “bolshevism”. But it does not mean, that only in Russia the matter was as such. The similar tendency is present in all communist parties and movements all over the world, if, certainly, they do not degrade to the parliamentary Social Democracy, conforming to the liberal spirit. Thus, it is not surprising, that socialist revolutions have taken place except Russia only in the East: in China, Korea, Vietnam etc.. It emphasizes once again, that just traditional, non-progressive, the least “modern” (“alienated from the Spirit“) and, correspondingly, the most “conservative”, the most “right” peoples and nations, have recognized the mystical, spiritual, “bolshevik” essence in the communism.
The national-bolshevism takes turn of just such bolshevik tradition, the policy of the “ right communism “, which was originated by the ancient initiatic societies and spiritual doctrines in remote ages. Thus the economic aspect of communism is not diminished, is not denied, but is considered as a gear of the teurgic, magic practice, as a particular tool of a reality transformation. The only thing that should be rejected here is an inadequate, historically exhausted Marxism discourse in which the accidental, inherent to the past epoch, humanist and progressist themes are often present.
The Marxism of the national-bolsheviks means Marx minus Feurbach, i. e. minus evolutionism and sometimes appearing inertial humanism.
http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/Metaphysics%20of%20Nat.Bolshevism.htm
Jewish orientalism, the deeds of humbleness and sublime insensateness of the first legendary tsadiki, the sincere compassion to our fellow creatures, irrespective of their racial and religious origins, the fanatical belief in equity and the honest building of society, and at last, that vaguely guessed solidarity with another tragical and beautiful people of history, too elected, chosen by God, the Russian people - all this is ineradicable from a definite part of hebraism, inseparable from its unique destiny.
Pressed between the (partly justified) anti-semitism of the russian patriots and orientalist, rationalist, market, blasting and antistatalist material matrix of the present russian Jews-liberals, jewish orientalism experiences hard times.
But it is not necessary to despair. In the life of this people there had been worse trials. It is important only to realize its choice, to interpret its place in history, to consistently find out its geopolitical and spiritual orientation. And from their side, obliged by their responsibility, and in the light of all this tragical historical experience, all consequent eurasists proclaim: there will always be a place for «jewish orientalism» in the ranks of the builders of Great Euroasian Empire, Last Empire.
http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/the%20Jews%20and%20Eurasia.htm
- Admittedly, it is not often that the author of a book about a celebrity and the celebrity in question are both assassinated.
This privilege was shared, nine years apart, by the Jew Boris Berezovsky and the Russian Paul Klebnikov, whose `Godfather of the Kremlin : Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia' we quoted 9 years ago on this forum in relation to Dugin :
"the anti-Semitic group that had emerged so visibly in the late stages of the Gorbatchev regime. Pamyat would later be revealed as a KGB-sponsored provocation, designed to channel Russian nationalist sentiments into a politically reliable entity and to frighten Western public opinion into supporting the moderate Gorbatchev as the "only alternative" to extremist forces"."
Dugin, whose Jewish father was a KGB agent and whose wife so we were told by V. Avdeyev - used to manage the Moscow Lesbian organisation, was a member of Pamyat, as is fully documented. Dugin is a born dialectician. If ever you meet him on your way to the train station, do not ask him the time : you'd miss your train.
When we exposed Dugin nine years ago, we were under no illusion. We were not wrong. He is still big in some Flemish, French, and Italian dialectic circles. Birds of feather flock together. However, we did not think that he could ever find an audience in Anglo-Saxon countries. This was without reckoning with http://www.counter-currents.com, which, maintaining the momentum (http://www.counter-currents.com/the-homo-and-the-negro/), so to speak, put
http://www.counter-currents.com/2012/07/interview-with-alexander-dugin/ and
http://www.counter-currents.com/tag/alexander-dugin/ on the market.
For those interested, here's a recent piece by A. Dugin published in the Financial Times: "The world needs to understand Putin" (March 12, 2013). It again shows why his views will be accepted in academic circles sooner or later.
http://www.thephora.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-87610.html
To: evola_as_he_is@yahoogroups.com
From: evola_as_he_is@...
Date: Sun, 24 Mar 2013 22:33:39 +0000
Subject: [evola_as_he_is] Re: Dugin in quotesAdmittedly, it is not often that the author of a book about a celebrity and the celebrity in question are both assassinated.
This privilege was shared, nine years apart, by the Jew Boris Berezovsky and the Russian Paul Klebnikov, whose `Godfather of the Kremlin : Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia' we quoted 9 years ago on this forum in relation to Dugin :
"the anti-Semitic group that had emerged so visibly in the late stages of the Gorbatchev regime. Pamyat would later be revealed as a KGB-sponsored provocation, designed to channel Russian nationalist sentiments into a politically reliable entity and to frighten Western public opinion into supporting the moderate Gorbatchev as the "only alternative" to extremist forces"."
Dugin, whose Jewish father was a KGB agent and whose wife – so we were told by V. Avdeyev - used to manage the Moscow Lesbian organisation, was a member of Pamyat, as is fully documented. Dugin is a born dialectician. If ever you meet him on your way to the train station, do not ask him the time : you'd miss your train.
When we exposed Dugin nine years ago, we were under no illusion. We were not wrong. He is still big in some Flemish, French, and Italian dialectic circles. Birds of feather flock together. However, we did not think that he could ever find an audience in Anglo-Saxon countries. This was without reckoning with http://www.counter-currents.com, which, maintaining the momentum (http://www.counter-currents.com/the-homo-and-the-negro/), so to speak, put
http://www.counter-currents.com/2012/07/interview-with-alexander-dugin/ and
http://www.counter-currents.com/tag/alexander-dugin/ on the market.
- The publication of this article of his his first, if we are mot mistaken - in the Jew York Times follows shortly after the conduct of joint military exercises between NAO and Russia was announced (http://rbth.ru/international/2013/01/23/russia_and_nato_to_run_joint_exercises_and_talk_on_missile_defe_22133.html), an announcement to which the only French pro-Putin anti-new-World-Order blogger who has reported it so far has reacted eloquently : "Well this is odd" (http://www.info-libre.fr/?tag=les-infos-dont-on-parle-peu).
So, to the editorship and to the readership of the Jew York Times, Dugin has come to say that Putin "does not share globalists' optimism", which, by the way, is not quite same thing as saying that Putin does not support Globalism. His stooge looks slightly less pessimistic than him about Globalism - at http://www.globalresearch.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/114326.jpg (
http://www.futureworldcurrency.com/Documents.asp?DocumentID=3874)
While French are told by the voice of the Kremlin that "minorities in Russia cannot prevail upon Russians" (http://french.ruvr.ru/2013_05_20/Journal-hebdomadaire-de-Voix-de-la-Russie-20-mai-2013/), the editorship and the readership of the Jew York Times will be fully reassured to hear that "Today, we are a multi-ethnic society with a growing Islamic population." http://french.ruvr.ru has a great sense of humour, especially when dealing with the pro-immigration policy of the current occupation administration in France, but, to really have a good laugh, if one has nothing better to do, one should investigate Putin's actual immigration policy over the past 15 years. We once did it, a few years ago, and we posted our enlightening findings on a forum whose name rimes with `front', but it seems our message was deleted.
We are dealing with masters in deception. Everyone will remember that, a few years ago, media, whether mainstream or not, whether Globalist- or nationalist-oriented, reported that the then Australian Prime Mistress made a speech telling immigrants that they should adapt to Australian ways or leave the country. This was an hoax. By the same token, a widely circulated message, including by http://french.ruvr.ru, claiming that, in a February 4, 2013 speech to the Duma, by Putin advised Russian minorities that they should speak Russian and adapt to Russian culture if they wish to live in the country and that, if they prefer Sharia Law, then they should go somewhere else to live, is an hoax, too (http://www.hoax-slayer.com/putin-duma-speech-sharia-law.shtml).
As for Putin's actual relations with so-called oligarchs, http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2006articles/pdf/article4.pdf is quite helpful.
- While 'Eurasianism' has been repeatedly discussed on this list, we still want to point at some informative articles.
http://www.opednews.com/articles/1/Eurasianism-and-Atlanticis-by-Ira-Straus-081227-415.html, for example demonstrates indirectly that 'Eurasianism' doesn't necessarily contradict with a globalist agenda.
Whether these idea's literally come to the fore in any foreign policy, http://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/the-secret-of-eurasia-the-key-to-hidden-history-and-world-events speaks about the role of Russian messianism and occultism in relation to earlier Russo-centric and "Eurasian" political and cultural movements.
Precursors to latter day 'Eurasianism', the works of Abellio and Parvulesco, aside from the parodical nature of them, deal with a familiar theme: the will to conspire and politics exclusively explained in terms of conspiracy. The article is accompanied by a rather telling photograph. See: http://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/men-of-mystery-raymond-abellio-jean-parvulesco-their-vision-of-a-new-europe
http://openrevolt.info/?s=olavo, what should pass for a writing debate is an unusual confrontation, and it seems many must have missed it among the mass of largely uncritical texts on the subject. Elsewhere the Brazilian author wittily asks what it would matter if J. Evola and R. Guénon are cited, when this is in fact done by the KGB.
Has it been beneficial so far that just a limited amount of A. Dugin's writings were available in English throughout the years? It is more instructive to read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics than his philosophical essays, yet this title hasn't been translated to English. Instead there are Turkish and Arabic translations.
We must also mention http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/blog/freemasonry-traditionalism-and-neo-caliphate#.UiSl9H9x6So which deals among other things with Dugin's connections to the Muslim world.
To: evola_as_he_is@yahoogroups.com
From: evola_as_he_is@...
Date: Wed, 22 May 2013 18:54:50 +0000
Subject: [evola_as_he_is] Re: Dugin in quotes
The publication of this article of his – his first, if we are mot mistaken - in the Jew York Times follows shortly after the conduct of joint military exercises between NAO and Russia was announced (http://rbth.ru/international/2013/01/23/russia_and_nato_to_run_joint_exercises_and_talk_on_missile_defe_22133.html), an announcement to which the only French pro-Putin anti-new-World-Order blogger who has reported it so far has reacted eloquently : "Well… this is odd" (http://www.info-libre.fr/?tag=les-infos-dont-on-parle-peu).
So, to the editorship and to the readership of the Jew York Times, Dugin has come to say that Putin "does not share globalists' optimism", which, by the way, is not quite same thing as saying that Putin does not support Globalism. His stooge looks slightly less pessimistic than him about Globalism - at http://www.globalresearch.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/114326.jpg (
http://www.futureworldcurrency.com/Documents.asp?DocumentID=3874)
While French are told by the voice of the Kremlin that "minorities in Russia cannot prevail upon Russians" (http://french.ruvr.ru/2013_05_20/Journal-hebdomadaire-de-Voix-de-la-Russie-20-mai-2013/), the editorship and the readership of the Jew York Times will be fully reassured to hear that "Today, we are a multi-ethnic society with a growing Islamic population." http://french.ruvr.ru has a great sense of humour, especially when dealing with the pro-immigration policy of the current occupation administration in France, but, to really have a good laugh, if one has nothing better to do, one should investigate Putin's actual immigration policy over the past 15 years. We once did it, a few years ago, and we posted our enlightening findings on a forum whose name rimes with `front', but it seems our message was deleted.
We are dealing with masters in deception. Everyone will remember that, a few years ago, media, whether mainstream or not, whether Globalist- or nationalist-oriented, reported that the then Australian Prime Mistress made a speech telling immigrants that they should adapt to Australian ways or leave the country. This was an hoax. By the same token, a widely circulated message, including by http://french.ruvr.ru, claiming that, in a February 4, 2013 speech to the Duma, by Putin advised Russian minorities that they should speak Russian and adapt to Russian culture if they wish to live in the country and that, if they prefer Sharia Law, then they should go somewhere else to live, is an hoax, too (http://www.hoax-slayer.com/putin-duma-speech-sharia-law.shtml).
As for Putin's actual relations with so-called oligarchs, http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2006articles/pdf/article4.pdf is quite helpful.
We like to follow a case.
Each of the links you posted gives food for thought, and, taken together (except, perhaps, http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/blog/freemasonry-traditionalism-and-neo-caliphate#.UiSl9H9x6So, with its usual unsourced, sensationalistic statements, such as that according to which “The chief inspiration for the fascist Gladio networks was Julius Evola “) it would take a study to synthesise their far-reaching content. As far as we are concerned, we will only address a few salient points.
First, it is good that Dugin, a scholar who is received as the messiah by half-baked dialecticians and their uncritical audience in counties like France and Italy, is finally challenged in his views and put in his place. It has not escaped Olevo’s attention, unlike most of Dugin’s ‘biographers’, that Dugin’s father was a KGB officer. He just does not seem to know that Dugin was once a member of a KGB-sponsored group who set up anti-Semitic agit prop demonstrations in the late 1990’s. When he left ‘Pamiat’, he described its members as “hysterics… and schizophrenics” as well as “KGB collaborators” ! (Against the Modern World). Pamiat would organise “readings of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, makes an apology to czar Nicholas II, slanders the ‘satanic’ West” (Cultural Ideal or Geopolitical Project Eurasianism’s Paradoxes, p. 69)
At the same time, the trap of those who, like Eurasianists, claim that Russia has “a unique mission to rescue the degraded and corrupt West, because of its ‘healthy barbarism’” is shut : “Russia complains that she was ‘corrupted’ by Boris Yeltsin’s liberal reforms, of American inspiration, as if before them she lived in a temple of purity and not in the endless rot of the Communist regime. It is worth recalling that the Soviet government lived essentially out of theft and extortion for over 60 years without ever having to account for it. At the same time, it corrupted its population through the institutionalized habit of kickbacks, exchange of political favors and influence peddling, without which the state machinery would simply not work. When its assets were allotted after the official dissolution of the regime, those benefitted were the members of the nomenklatura themselves, who became billionaires overnight, without severing the ties that united them to the old state apparatus, especially to the KGB… Since the 1930s the Stalin government, aware that the strength of America resided in “its patriotism, its morality and its spiritual life” (sic), unleashed a gigantic operation, in the words of its main perpetrator, Willi Münzenberg, designed to ‘make the West so corrupt it stinks.’” The purchase of consciences, the involvement of high-level officers in espionage and shady businesses, the intense propaganda campaigns to debilitate the moral beliefs of the population and the generalized infiltration in the educational system ended up producing results particularly after the 1960s, radically modifying American society to the point of rendering it unrecognizable.
It was also the Soviet action that gave planetary dimensions to drug-trafficking since the 1950s. Its history is well documented in Red Cocaine: The Drugging of America and the West, by Joseph D. Douglass. When Russia wails that after the fall of Communism she was invaded by the drug culture, she is simply harvesting what it sowed.
Nothing of this vast corrupting action is a thing of the past. Nowadays there are more Russian agents in the United States than during the Cold War.”
Having made this clear, it is obviously going too far to state that it was Russia who “corrupted” American capitalism, while missing along the way the fact that the Eurasianist ‘j’accuse’ echoes with modern Muslim topsy-curvy rhetoric in accusing “The West” of all evils. Historically, this Eurasianist animus originates in the Slavophile diatribes against “The Rotten West”, which in turn originates in “German romanticists’ criticism of the French Enlightenment, of aspects of the French revolution, and of the first glimmerings of modern technical and materialistic thinking.” (The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life)
Slavophiles have never realised that these phenomena, while having emerged in the West geographically speaking, were products of the Semitic mind. It is worth noting that Nikolai Sergeyevich Trubetzkoy (1890-1930, one of the main instigators of Eurasianism was, like his father and great father, one of the leaders of the Decembrist uprising in 1825, a freemason (Bro Dennis Stocks, Russian Freemasonry). As is known, free-masonry was imported in Russia in the XVIIIth century from Europe, after it was exported to Europe from the East.
It is clear that Blavatsky’s work and activities paved the way for Eurasianism. The origins of Altlanticism are less known. What is basically Atlanticism ? Not, as portrayed both by its proponents and by its opponents, a political doctrine about European—North American cooperation, but a weapon to ‘Americanise’ Western Europe. What is basically Eurasianism, still from a geopolitical standpoint ? It is still what is was for its inspirators : “(see Hugo Böss, ‘The Dottrina eurasiática’, Barbarossa, 2004), Eurasia did not mean the fusion between Europe and Asia, but [between Asia and] the European part of Russia, which they wanted to Asianise. Radically anti-Europeans, they wanted to build their strongly telluric project on the the Russian-Turanian type and soul.” (G. Adinolfi, Tortuga , l'isola che (non) c'è)
Abelio once stated that the United States and Russia were “two both competing and complicit imperialisms” (Raymond Abellio 1944-1986: La structure et le miroir, Volume 2). This is not stated clearly enough at http://www.opednews.com/articles/1/Eurasianism-and-Atlanticis-by-Ira-Straus-081227-415.html, and even less by the Brazilian scholar, who is often not far from falling into the trap of the current “East and West dialectic” criticised by the Jewish-French author. Abélio’s highly abstruse cogitations on the « sphère sénaire Amérique du Nord – Europe – Russie » are still unreadable. Anyway, the comparison that comes to mind is rather that of a clamp, also called, in American language, a ‘vice’, in which Europe is increasingly caught.
Ironically enough in retrospect, the purpose of Columbus’ expeditions was to reach Asia, and, when he first saw the shores of the continent that was to be called America, he assumed he was reconnoitring the Eastern coast of Asia.
Both ‘people’, the American and the Russian, have much more in common than is usually thought. On the similarities between both countries, J. Evola wrote lines whose insightfulness in this respect remains unparalleled. However, “the divergences between Russia and America” in a “temperamental context” are not as wide as was assumed by the Italian author. Many Russians who stayed in the United States have noticed and stressed the congeniality of the American and the Russian. “No other nation feels it [art] so deeply as the American, Stanilavsky, a Russian actor and theatre director declared, and in this regard American and Russian souls are close.” (Stanislavsky: A Life in Letters) Dale E. Peterson, a professor of English and Russian at Amherst College, Mass., draws parallels between African-American and Russian souls and “claims that African-American ‘soul’(in the sense of self-conscious identification) was influenced by Russian soul and formed along parallel Herderian links to music and literature.” (Russia and Soul: An Exploration) Alexander I was characterised as “ half and American” by an English diplomat in 1815 (America Through Russian Eyes, 1874-1926). Pushkin was certainly not the only Russian of Black ancestry at the time ; Black peoples are actually to be found in Russia, particularly in the Caucasus area, where they seem to have settled in remote times (http://www.abkhazworld.com/articles/newspaper-archives/752-when-did-africans-get-to-soviet-union-1973.html , see also the related scholarly articles at the same address) ; the name of one of those tribes speaks for itself : the Muurs.
Did Trotsky not state that « We must turn Russia into a desert populated by white negroes upon whom we shall impose a tyranny such as the most terrible Eastern despots never dreamt of. The only difference is that this will be a left-wing tyranny, not a right-wing tyranny. It will be a red tyranny and not a white one.
We mean the word 'red' literally, because we shall shed such floods of blood as will make all the human losses suffered in the capitalist wars quake and pale by comparison. The biggest bankers across the ocean will work in the closest possible contact with us. If we win the revolution, we shall establish the power of Zionism upon the wreckage of the revolution's funeral, and we shall became a power before which the whole world will sink to its knees. We shall show what real power is. By means of terror and bloodbaths, we shall reduce the Russian intelligentsia to a state of complete stupefaction and idiocy and to an animal existence…” (http://semiticcontroversies.blogspot.fr/2011/04/in-brief-trotsky-quote.html stands as a clumsy attempt at challenging the authorship of this statement).The United States and Russia are brought even closer by the fact that the ancestors of ‘native Americans’ are likely to have come from Siberia – where, today, the most Nordic-looking Russians live - and more precisely from the Altai mountains, in the Paleolithic (http://www.history.com/news/native-americans-hailed-from-siberian-highlands-dna-reveals). Yellow-skinned Asian, as to them, an obviously major racial element in the fabrics of the “Russian people”, were added to the American “melting pot” in the late 1840’s, (the earliest record of Chinese arriving in the United States is in 1785, as part of an abandoned interracial crew) within the context of the rapid industrialisation of the country ; by the late 1870’s, Chinese constituted 8% of the population of the state of California (D. Wang, ‘The United States and China’). “If Anson Burlingame of Illinois (originally of New York and Harvard
educated), U.S. minister in Peking during and in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War,
had had his way, the entire United States, not just the West, might have been inundated by
Asian workers. Like William Seward… Burlingame… seems to have FORESEEN the time when the East coast and Midwestern cities as well as the Western states would develop large enclaves of Korean Chinese, Vietnamese, and other Asian immigrants, significantly altering the demographic outlook of the American people.” (http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XI-34.pdf ; the emphasis is ours)
‘Pacifism’ is the counterpart of Atlanticism in the United States (‘Dominion from Sea to Sea’) ; it is rarely taken into account by geopoliticians from Europe, nor, for that matter, by in their analysis of American imperialism.
The United States have become what Russia always was: an “ethnic [not to say racial] sewer”. Saviitski, one of the founders of Eurasianism, whose mission was to “go to the Orient”, had a sane moment, the one in which he realised “ Russia was already the Orient.”( D. Shlapentokh, ‘Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism’) It is often the role of Americans (such as Ronald Wixman in his The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook, 1984) to remind it to Russians who manage to persuade themselves that “both countries exhibit unity in diversity”. (Russia And the United States, Pitirim Aleksandrovič Sorokin): “unity in diversity” : “e pluribus unum”, the phrase on the seal of the United States. Here, the “cult of America” of which a few edifying examples are given in ‘Revolt against the Modern World’ is still alive.
It might have been born in the premonitory illusion that America would one day become a successful Soviet Union. In France, the unanimous feeling towards America, Americans, and those who immigrated there was one of scorn, until de Tocqueville, whereas, despite being critical of the United States on the political and spiritual planes, Russian intellectuals in the early 1900’s, whether Slavophiles or Westernisers, tended to identify with this “young nation” ; later, despite the disappointment of many Russian émigrés with a land where only the “almighty dollar” was worshipped, America continued to be perceived by Russian immigrants as a land of unlimited opportunity. By the turn of the twentieth century, “Russia recognized the significance of industrialization, and the intelligentsia, with their traditional concern for the destiny of Russia and its place among other nations, regarded economic developments in the United States as providing a possible glimpse into Russia's own future… In the young Soviet state, ‘Americanization’ – used interchangeably with modernization – became a slogan, illustrating the extent to which America’s rapid industrialization had captured the Russian imagination ” (America Through Russian Eyes, 1874-1926) ; “between the materially poor but spiritually dynamic Soviet Union and the rich but spiritually poor United States”, the opposition was as explicit as the complementariness was implicit in the eyes of those Russians who contemplated it. Among them, a specific people looked at America as a new promised land : the first Jews to have stepped onto the American soil in 1654 were Sephardim. The first wave of Jewish immigration began in the 1820’s ; by 1880, which saw the beginning of the second wave, 150,000 of them lived in the United States, “Columbus’ goldene medine” (“golden land”), as they called it. Out of the 8 million immigrants who immigrated to America between 1880-1914 from Russia and Austria-Hungary, 2,500,000 millions were Jews. Most of those who did it in the nineteen century were from central Europe, and therefore Ashkenazi. It is commonly held that this mass immigration in the late 1900’s was spurred by the growing discrimination, growing repression, and growing violence Jews were faced with at that time in Russia and Eastern European countries, but this explanation does not stand analysis. First, as far as Russia, the Jews had been suffering sporadically severe persecutions since the sixteenth century, and drastic legal restrictions and limitations were placed on them as early as Catherine II’s reign. Then, in Austria-Hungary, there were never any pogroms, and, by the mid-1850, the government policy had become quite liberal. Given the Hungarian Jews’ “relatively secure and favourable life after the constitutional change of 1867, why would any of them leave for America ?” (Bridging Three Worlds: Hungarian-Jewish Americans, 1848-1914) Why didn’t they leave for America before, when their living conditions were not as secure and favourable ?
The answer is quite simple : they did not, because the conditions were not gathered yet overseas for them to settle, develop and prosper. It is not by chance that Jewish mass immigration started just after the completion of the First Transcontinental Telegraph in 1861 and the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, and the basis was laid for an effective traffic. America had been built, mostly by people of White stock, there only remained to move in.
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